Nov 23, 2024  
2013-2014 Undergraduate Bulletin 
    
2013-2014 Undergraduate Bulletin [Archived Catalog]

Part 1: IPFW Profile


Click on a link to be taken to the entry below.


About this Bulletin

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The Bulletin provides information about the undergraduate programs, rules, courses, and faculty of Indiana UniversityPurdue University Fort Wayne. Information about IPFW’s graduate programs appears in a separate publication, the IPFW Graduate Bulletin.

Information in the Bulletin will help students make important choices about their education, and it will familiarize them with the many important services IPFW provides. Since the Bulletin is a primary resource for making decisions about an IPFW education, it is important for students to refer to it throughout their tenure at the university.

Changes occur as needs arise. Changes in rules and procedures generally become effective at the time they are published. Also, new or changed academic program requirements may provide you with additional options. Because of this, you should review statements on IPFW services, policies, programs, and courses in each new edition of the Bulletin published while you are a student. When you enter a degree or certificate program, you will be required to fulfill the requirements published in the Bulletin (or its supplement or departmental regulation) current at the time of your most recent entry or re-entry into that program at IPFW. Only with the written acknowledgment of your academic advisor can you elect to fulfill the requirements in any subsequent Bulletin or supplement. Your academic advisor can assist you with this choice and ensure that such changes are officially recorded.

NOTE: The information in this Bulletin is subject to change without notice. Actions by federal and state governments and the boards of trustees, administration, and faculty of the universities may produce such changes.

About the University

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Indiana UniversityPurdue University Fort Wayne offers more academic and extracurricular opportunities than any other higher education institution in northeast Indiana. A joint campus of two internationally recognized Big Ten schools, IPFW grants both Indiana University and Purdue University degrees.

IPFW reflects the IU and Purdue commitments to excellence in teaching, research, and service. The university takes advantage of the latest technologies in order to enhance information exchange, classroom instruction, research, and communications. Indiana University and Purdue University carry traditions of distinction in humanities, the arts, health sciences, social sciences, engineering, technology, and computer science.

IPFW provides access to an excellent education through academic diversity, flexibility, and affordability. IPFW students have access to superior research, academic, and extracurricular pursuits. IPFW is committed to the continued educational, economic, and cultural development of its 11-county service area.

More than 13,000 students are enrolled in more than 200 academic programs. The university offers undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as certificate options. Some 19,000 additional students pursue noncredit continuing education courses. While the diverse student body continues to grow, the average class size remains 22.

The university is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Various schools, divisions, and programs have earned additional accreditation through professional societies.

IPFW history. The history of IPFW is a history of mergers. IPFW has steadily evolved since the initial merger of the IU and Purdue Fort Wayne regional campuses in 1964. A gift of additional land by a consortium of local donors has increased the size of the campus to 662 acres, including land on the east and west banks of the St. Joseph River. Physically, the university has grown from a single building into a multicampus community cornerstone, offering an unparalleled range of educational and cultural opportunities.

Academic programs. Degree and certificate programs are offered through nine colleges, schools, or divisions. Arts and Sciences, Health and Human Services, and Visual and Performing Arts contain departments offering both IU and Purdue degree programs. Engineering, Technology, and Computer Science offers only Purdue degree programs; Business, Education, General Studies, Labor Studies, and Public and Environmental Affairs, only IU. The Academic Success Center serves lower-division students who have not chosen a degree program. The Division of Continuing Studies offers credit and noncredit programs throughout northeast Indiana in cooperation with degree-granting schools and divisions. Other entities, such as the Indiana University School of MedicineFort Wayne, offer programs at IPFW with varying degrees of campus affiliation. IPFW also offers the opportunity to participate in the Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program.

IPFW stresses a constructive relationship between teaching and research. Most IPFW faculty members devote 25 percent of their effort to research.  Faculty regularly acquire support for creative endeavor in the form of external grants and contracts of about $5 million a year. Some faculty receive support from internally funded summer fellowships and grants-in-aid, and additional support is available through the Purdue and IU systems. Research activities reflect the research missions of Indiana and Purdue Universities. However, projects tend to involve individuals or small groups of researchers rather than large staffs and facilities, and special emphasis is placed on studies directly related to regional needs and interests. Faculty are encouraged to involve undergraduate students in research projects.

Core mission. The core mission of IPFW is to provide quality post-secondary education in northeast Indiana by focusing on student learning, while fostering intellectual exploration and attainment, and serving the region.

IPFW goals. Long-range goals of the university include continued improvement of academic programs, expanded faculty development programs, enhanced library collections and services, increased university and external support for research, increased academic and fiscal autonomy, attraction and retention of a more heterogeneous student body, expansion of graduate programs that serve regional needs, active support for regional economic development programs, and greater integration with the economic and cultural communities of the region.

The fifth-largest university in Indiana, IPFW has grown without sacrificing its commitment to faculty-student interaction. Quality of teaching will continue to be a major criterion for faculty compensation and promotion-and-tenure decisions and will be recognized through awards for distinguished teaching. To attract and retain outstanding teachers, IPFW will continue its effort to provide competitive levels of faculty compensation.

IPFW will also sustain and enhance support of faculty research and will expand opportunities for students to participate in research projects. The university will promote the use of technology as a feature of university education across the curriculum.

IPFW is committed to preparing students of northeast Indiana for productive lives in a multicultural, changing world. Special attention is given to bringing a university education to nontraditional students. The campus will expand efforts to increase matriculation and retention of minority students, and in a related effort, to hire and retain minority faculty.

The campus will continue to build programs of academic support for all students, including those programs intended for students of outstanding ability. Because the diversity of the student body and staff is an essential component of the university experience, IPFW also intends to attract a somewhat larger number of students from outside the region. To this end, and to accommodate verifiable local demand, IPFW Student Housing on the Waterfield Campus, with apartment-style floor plans, opened in August 2004.

IPFW plays an important role in the cultural and economic life of northeast Indiana. Faculty community service is and will continue to be encouraged. The university maintains and expects to strengthen relationships with community arts organizations and seeks additional opportunities to serve as a vital resource for business, industry, public and private education, and government in northeast Indiana. Retraining of the workforce and response to changes in the economy will be important priorities in years to come, as will efforts to improve services for an increasingly diverse student body. The campus seeks to organize its efforts and relationships with IU and Purdue in ways that will enhance its ability to anticipate and respond to regional needs. The continued development of the campus, with community support engendered by this development, will allow IPFW to meet the increasing demand for higher education in northeast Indiana.

Assessment of student learning. IPFW is committed to providing quality education and to assuring students gain the knowledge and skills necessary to be successful. Assessment of student learning provides the information we need to make improvements in program structure, course content, and pedagogy. To this end, information is collected at the classroom, department, and institution levels. For example, students may be asked to submit examples of their course work and engage in focus groups. They may also be asked to complete a questionnaire assessing the quality of academic services. These activities help us determine the extent to which students demonstrate competency in the Baccalaureate Framework areas, in the major field of study, and in General Education.

IPFW statements on diversity. During fall semester 1994, Chancellor Michael Wartell established the following campus statement on diversity:

Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne recognizes, affirms, and celebrates the diversity in its campus, local, state, and national communities. Each member of these communities represents varied and different cultures and attributes simultaneously, yet because of these differences, many have been systematically excluded from full, fair, and respected participation in higher education. Therefore, Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne seeks to demonstrate through its curriculum, support systems, and policies that it values these differences, creating and maintaining a campus environment that welcomes diverse characteristics, backgrounds, and experiences and identifying such diversity as a vital source of the intellectual, social, and personal growth essential to a university education.

To implement the above statement, Chancellor Wartell appointed the campus Diversity Council. In fall 1995, the Diversity Council published the following definition of diversity:

The Diversity Council is committed to creating an environment that enhances learning by recognizing the inherent worth of all individuals at the university. It is our conviction that diversity stimulates creativity, promotes the exchange of ideas, and enriches campus life. Diversity involves the differences among individuals that reflect the cultures from which the university draws strength, including, but not necessarily limited to, differences of race, ethnicity, color, gender, sexual orientation, class, age, and disabilities, as well as political and religious affiliation, and socioeconomic status increasing demand for higher education in northeast Indiana.

Baccalaureate Framework

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Students who earn a baccalaureate degree at IPFW will be able to apply their knowledge to the needs of an increasingly diverse, complex, and dynamic world. To that end, IPFW continually develops and enhances curricula and educational experiences that provide all students with a holistic and integrative education.

The Framework

The IPFW faculty has identified six foundations of baccalaureate education.

Acquisition of Knowledge
Students will demonstrate breadth of knowledge across disciplines and depth of knowledge in their chosen discipline. In order to do so, students must demonstrate the requisite information- seeking skills and technological competencies.
Application of Knowledge
Students will demonstrate the ability to integrate and apply that knowledge, and, in so doing, demonstrate the skills necessary for life-long learning.
Personal and Professional Values
Students will demonstrate the highest levels of personal integrity and professional ethics.
A Sense of Community
Students will demonstrate the knowledge and skills necessary to be productive and responsible citizens and leaders in local, regional, national, and international communities. In so doing, students will demonstrate a commitment to free and open inquiry and mutual respect across multiple cultures and perspectives.
Critical Thinking and Problem Solving
Students will demonstrate facility and adaptability in their approach to problem solving. In so doing, students will demonstrate critical-thinking abilities and familiarity with quantitative and qualitative reasoning.
Communication
Students will demonstrate the written, oral, and multimedia skills necessary to communicate effectively in diverse settings.

These foundations provide the framework for all baccalaureate degree programs. The foundations are interdependent, with each one contributing to the integrative and holistic education offered at IPFW.

Approved by the IPFW Faculty Senate April 10, 2006

Undergraduate Programs: Degrees, Certificates, Minors, and Transfers

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IPFW is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Information about North Central accreditation is available from the vice chancellor for academic affairs (KT 170, 260-481-6805). You may also contact the Higher Learning Commission directly at www.ncahlc.org; or by writing to 230 South LaSalle St., Suite 7-500, Chicago, IL 60604-1411; or by phone at 800-621-7440.

The following is an alphabetical list of all undergraduate degree, certificate, minor, and transfer programs available at IPFW.

  • A degree is an award earned by satisfactorily completing a specified program of courses and adhering to the applicable academic regulations. Each degree includes one or more major fields of study. Completion of a degree program is acknowledged by receipt of a diploma. The two most common degrees earned by IPFW students are the associate degree (abbreviated A.A. for Associate of Arts and A.S. for Associate of Science) and the bachelor’s degree (abbreviated B.A. for Bachelor of Arts and B.S. for Bachelor of Science). Earning an associate degree requires at least two years of full-time study, with a longer period if enrolled only part time. Earning a bachelor’s degree takes about twice as long.
  • A certificate is not a college degree, but is composed of a series of courses that focus on a specialized area of knowledge or specific skills. The university recognizes completion of the required courses and satisfaction of applicable academic regulations by awarding a certificate.
  • A minor is a less comprehensive program of study that is chosen in conjunction with a major field of study. To earn a minor, the student must complete a degree program in a different subject area.
  • A transfer program is a series of courses that will apply toward a degree to be awarded by another campus of IU or Purdue. Credits for these courses can be transferred to the other campus, but students are required to satisfy the admission and graduation requirements of the campus to which they transfer.
College, school or division codes in the following list are as follows:
 

COAS:
BN:
CS:
EDPP
ETCS:

  Arts and Sciences
Business
Continuing Studies
Education and Public Policy
Engineering, Technology, and Computer Science
  HS:
LS:
VPA:
 

Health and Human Services
Labor Studies
Visual and Performing Arts

 

 

Program

 

University

 

College or School or Division/Department

Degree/Certificate

  Accounting  

I

  BN/Accounting and Finance B.S.B., Post-Baccalaureate Certificate in Accounting
  Advanced Microprocessors  

P

 

ETCS/Computer, Electrical, and Information Technology

Certificate
  Agriculture  

P

  COAS   Transfer Programs
  Anthropology  

I

  COAS/Anthropology B.A., Minor, Research Certificate in Anthropology
  Architectural Engineering Technology

P

  ETCS/Manufacturing & Construction Engineering Technology and Interior Design A.S.
  Art Education  

I

  VPA/Fine Arts   B.A.
  Art History  

I

  VPA/Fine Arts   Minor
  Astronomy   P   COAS/Physics   Minor
  Bank Management   I   BN/Accounting and Finance   Certificate
  Biology  

P

  COAS/Biology   B.S., Minor, Research Certificate
  Biology With Life Science Teaching Certification  

P

  COAS/Biology   B.S.
  Biomedical Physics   P   COSAS/Physics   B.S.
  Business  

I

  BN   A.S.B., B.S.B.
  Business Administration   I   BN/Management and Marketing   A.S.B.
  Business Economics & Public Policy   I   BN/Economics   B.S.B.
  Business Studies   I   BN/Business Administration   Minor
  Chemical Methods  

P

  COAS/Chemistry   A.S.
  Chemistry  

P

  COAS/Chemistry   B.S., B.S.C., Minor, Research Certificate
  Chemistry Teaching  

P

  COAS/Chemistry   B.S.
  Civic Education and Public Advocacy

I

  COAS/Political Science Certificate in Civic Education and Public Advocacy
  Civil Engineering

P

  ETCS/Engineering B.S.C.E.
  Civil Engineering Technology

P

  ETCS/Manufacturing & Construction Engineering Technology and Interior Design A.S.
  Communication Sciences & Disorders   P   COAS/Communication Sciences & Disorders   B.S.
  Communication Studies  

P

  COAS/Communication   Minor
  Computer-Controlled Systems

P

  ETCS/Computer, Electrical, and Information Technology Certificate
  Computer Engineering  

P

  ETCS/Engineering   B.S.Cmp.E.
  Computer Engineering Technology

P

 

ETCS/Computer, Electrical, and Information Technology
 

B.S.
  Computer Networking  

P

  ETCS/Computer, Electrical, and Information Technology Certificate
  Computer Science  

P

  ETCS/Computer Science   B.A., B.S., Minor
  Construction Engineering Technology

P

  ETCS/Manufacturing & Construction Engineering Technology and Interior Design B.S.
  Creative Writing  

I

  COAS/English and Linguistics   Minor
  Criminal Justice  

I

  EDPP   Minor
  Cytotechnology  

I

  HS   Transfer Program
  Dental Assisting  

I

  HS/Dental Education   Certificate in Dental Assisting
  Dental Hygiene  

I

  HS/Dental Education   A.S. in Dental Hygiene
  Dental Laboratory Technology

I

  HS/Dental Education   A.S. in Dental Laboratory Technology
  Economics  

I

  COAS/Political Science   B.A., Minor
  Electrical Engineering  

P

  ETCS/Engineering   B.S.E.E.
  Electrical Engineering Technology

P

  ETCS/Computer, Electrical, and Information Technology A.S., B.S.
  Electronic Communications  

P

  ETCS/Computer, Electrical, and Information Technology Certificate
  Electronics  

P

  ETCS/Computer, Electrical, and Information Technology Minor
  Elementary Education  

I

  EDPP/Educational Studies   B.S.Ed.
  English  

I

  COAS/English and Linguistics   B.A., Minor
  Ethics, Professional and Applied P   COAS/Philosophy   Minor
  Ethnic and Cultural Studies

I

  COAS   Certificate in Ethnic and Cultural Studies
  Film and Media Studies  

I

  COAS   Minor
  Finance   I   BN/Accounting and Finance   B.S.B.
  Fine Arts  

I

  VPA/Fine Arts   B.A., B.F.A., Minor
  Fine Arts  

I

  VPA/Visual Communication and Design B.F.A., Minor
  Folklore  

I

  COAS/English and Linguistics   Minor
  Forestry and Natural Resources

P

  COAS   Transfer Program
  French  

I

  COAS/International Language and Culture Studies B.A., Minor
  French with Teacher Certification   I   COAS/International Language and Culture Studies B.A.
  General Studies  

I

  CS   B.G.S.
  Geology  

I

  COAS/Geosciences   B.A., B.S.G., Minor
  German  

I

  COAS/International Language and Culture Studies B.A., Minor
  German with Teacher Certification   I   COAS/International Language and Culture Studies B.A.
  Gerontology  

I

  COAS   Certificate in Gerontology
  Health Information Administration

I

  HS   Transfer Program
  History  

I

  COAS/History   B.A., Minor
  Honors Program  

I, P

  OAA/Honors   Certificate
  Hospitality Management  

P

  HS/Consumer and Family Sciences B.S.
  Human Services  

P

  HS/Human Services   B.S., Minor
  Industrial Engineering Technology

P

  ETCS/Manufacturing & Construction Engineering Technology and Interior Design A.S., B.S.
  Infomatics  

P

  ETCS/Computer Sciences   Minor
  Information Systems  

P

  ETCS/Computer Science   A.S., B.S., Minor
  Information Systems Application   P   ETCS/Computer Science   Certificate
 

Information
Technology

  P   ETCS/Computer, Electrical, and Information Technology   B.S.
  Interior Design  

P

  ETCS/Manufacturing & Construction Engineering Technology and Interior Design A.S., B.S.
  International Studies  

I

  COAS   Certificate in International Studies
  Interpersonal and Organizational Communication

P

  COAS/Communication   B.A.
  Journalism  

I

  Communication   Minor, Transfer Program
  Labor Studies  

I

  Labor Studies   A.S., B.S., Certificate in Labor Studies, Minor
  Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT)   I   COAS   Certificate, Post-Baccalaureate Certificate
  Linguistics  

I

  COAS/English and Linguistics   Minor
  Management & Administration   I   BN/Management and Marketing   B.S.B.
  Manufacturing Management   P   ETCS/Manufacturing & Construction Engineering Technology and Interior Design   Certificate
  Marketing   I   BN/Management and Marketing   B.S.B.
  Mathematics  

P

  COAS/Mathematical Sciences   B.S., Minor, Research Certificate
  Mathematics Teaching  

P

  COAS/Mathematical Sciences   B.S.
  Mechanical Engineering  

P

  ETCS/Engineering   B.S.M.E
  Mechanical Engineering Technology

P

  ETCS/Manufacturing & Construction Engineering Technology and Interior Design A.S., B.S.
  Media and Public Communication

P

  COAS/Communication   B.A.
  Media Production  

P

  COAS/Communication   Minor
  Medical Imaging Technology  

I

  HS   Transfer Program
  Medical Technology  

P

  COAS/Biology   B.S.
  Medieval Studies   I   COAS   Minor
  Mild Intervention   I   EDPP/Education   Minor
  Music and an Outside Field  

I

  VPA/Music   B.S.
  Music Education  

I

  VPA/Music   B.Mus.Ed.
  Music (Performance)  

I

  VPA/Music   B.Mus.
  Music Therapy  

I

  VPA/Music   B.S.M.T.
  Native American Studies  

I

  COAS   Certificate in Native American Studies
  Nuclear Medicine  

I

  HS   Transfer Program
  Nursing  

P

  HS/Nursing   B.S., RN–B.S.
  Occupational Therapy  

I

  HS   Transfer Program
  Organizational Leadership and Supervision

P

  ETCS/Division of Organizational Leadership and Supervision   A.S., B.S., Minor
  Paramedic Sciences  

I

  HS   Transfer Program
  Peace and Conflict Studies  

I

  COAS   Certificate in Peace and Conflict Studies
  Philosophy  

P

  COAS/Philosophy   B.A., Minor
  Physical Therapy  

I

  HS   Transfer Program
  Physics  

P

  COAS/Physics   B.S., Minor, Research Certificate
  Physics Teaching  

P

  COAS/Physics   B.S.
  Political Science  

I

  COAS/Political Science   B.A., Minor
  Prepharmacy  

P

  COAS   Transfer Program
  Preveterinary  

P

  COAS   Transfer Program
  Preveterinary Technology  

P

  COAS  

Transfer Program

  Professional and Applied Ethics   P   COAS/Philosophy   Minor
  Professional Writing  

I

  COAS/English and Linguistics   Minor
  Psychology  

P

  COAS/Psychology   B.A., Minor, Research Certificate
  Public Affairs  

I

  EDPP   Minor
  Public Affairs: Criminal Justice

I

  EDPP   B.S.P.A.
  Public Affairs: Environmental Policy

I

  EDPP   B.S.P.A.
  Public Affairs: Health Services Administration

I

  EDPP   B.S.P.A.
  Public Affairs: Legal Studies

I

  EDPP   B.S.P.A.
  Public Affairs: Public Management

I

  EDPP   B.S.P.A.
  Public Affairs: Specialized Study

I

  EDPP   B.S.P.A.
  Public Relations  

I

  Communication   Minor
  Quality  

P

  ETCS/Manufacturing & Construction Engineering Technology and Interior Design Certificate
  Radiation Therapy  

I

  HS   Transfer Program
  Radiography  

I

  HS   A.S.R.
  Religious Studies  

P

  COAS/Philosophy   Minor
  Respiratory Therapy  

I

  HS   Transfer Program
  Secondary Education  

I

  EDPP/Educational Studies B.S.Ed.
  Small Business Management   I   BN Certificate
  Sociology  

I

  COAS/Sociology B.A., Minor
  Spanish  

I

  COAS/International Language and Culture Studies B.A., Minor
  Spanish with Teacher Certification   I   COAS/International Language and Culture Studies B.A.
  Supervisory Leadership  

P

  ETCS/Division of Organizational Leadership and Supervision   Certificate
  Teaching English as a New Language

I

  COAS/English and Linguistics Certificate in Teaching English as a New Language
  Theatre  

P

  VPA/Theatre   B.A., Minor
  Theatre Teaching  

P

  VPA/Theatre   Minor
  Visual Communication and Design   I   VPA/Visual Communication and Design   B.F.A.
  Women’s Studies  

I, P

  COAS   B.A., A.A., (Purdue only), Certificate in Women’s Studies, Minor

IPFW Office Directory

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Campus EmergenciesPolice (SS 102)   481-6911
Campus EmergenciesMedical   481-6911
Weather-related Announcements   481-6050
     
Campus General Information/Switchboard (KT 153A)   481-6100
Academic Success Center (KT 109)   481-6595
Academic Support and Advancement, Center for (KT G23)   481-6817
Admissions (KT 111)   481-6812
Athletics, Recreation, and Intramural Sports (GC 201)   481-6643
Athletics–Reservation Desk (GC 210)   481-6655
Bookstore (WU)   483-6100
Bursar (KT G57)   481-6824
Campus Safety (WU 127)   481-6610
Career Services (KT 109)   481-6595
Child Care–The Learning Community (2041 Reed Road)   424-8852
Continuing Studies (KT 145)   481-6619
Off-Campus Credit Programs (KT 145)   481-6111
Dean of Students (WU 111)   481-6601
Disabilities, Services for Students with (WU 118)   481-6832
Diversity and Multicultural Affairs (WU 118)   481-6608
Financial Aid (KT 103)   481-6820
Graduate Studies (KT 258)   481-6145
Honors Program (WU G25)   481-6924
International Student Services (WU 145)   481-6034
Institutional Equity (KT 110Q)   481-6106
IPFW Theatre Box Office (GC 126)   481-6555
Library, Walter E. Helmke (LB 148)   481-6512
Mastodon Advising Center (KT 109)   481-6595
Mastodon Academic Performance Center (GC 104)   481-6595
Military Science (DN 192)   481-0154
Office of Academic Internships, Cooperative Education,   481-6939
and Service Learning (OACS) (NF 337)    
Registrar (KT 107)   481-6815
Student Life (WU 210)   481-6609
Student Government Association (WU 225)   481-6586
Veterans Benefits Representative (KT 104)   481-6126
University Police (SS 102)   481-6900
Women and Returning Adults, Center for (WU 120)   481-6029
Writing Center (Helmke Learning Commons)   481-5740
     
Colleges, Schools, and Divisions    
College of Arts and Sciences (LA 153)   481-6160
Doermer School of Business (NF 360)   481-6472
Division of Continuing Studies (KT 144)   481-6619
College of Education and Public Policy (NF 250B)   481-6441
College of Engineering, Technology, and Computer Science (ET 243B)   481-6839
College of Health and Human Services (NF 142)   481-6967
Division of Labor Studies (KT G28)   481-6831
College of Visual and Performing Arts (VA 102)   481-6977


IPFW Bookstore Hours (fall/spring)
MondayThursday
Friday
Saturday
 

8:30 a.m.7:30 p.m.
8:30 a.m.3 p.m.
10 a.m.1 p.m.


Helmke Library Hours (fall/spring)
MondayThursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
 

8 a.m.11 p.m.
8 a.m.6 p.m.
9 a.m.6 p.m.
noon11 p.m.